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JAPAN THROUGH WESTERN EYES

Manuscript Records of Traders, Travellers, Missionaries and Diplomats, 1853-1941
Part 1: Sources from the William R Perkins Library, Duke University

 

Detailed Listing

REEL 1

Letters of Sir Edwin Arnold, British poet and journalist, for the period 1869-1903, including many exchanges with Takaaki Kato, Japanese Ambassador in London, concerning Buddhism, Anglo-Japanese and Russian-Japanese relations. Edwin Arnold (1832-1904) first travelled to Asia in 1856 when he was appointed head of Deccan College in Poona, India. At once he began to learn a range of Asian languages, immersed himself in Asian culture and was appointed a fellow of Bombay University. He distinguished himself during the Indian Mutiny. He became leader writer for the Daily Telegraph from 1861 and Editor from 1873. The publication of his epic poem on the Buddhist account of the life of Gautama entitled The Light of Asia (1879), brought him considerable fame. The volume went through over 60 editions in England, over 80 in America, and was translated into many languages. Arnold was knighted in 1888 and stepped down as Editor of the Daily Telegraph in order to travel. He visited Japan in 1889 and fell in love with Japanese life and culture. His East and West (1896) describes his travels in Japan and his articles in journals and newspapers helped to foster Anglo-Japanese relations. His third wife was Tama Kurokawa of Sendai, Japan.

The collection comprises 6 folders, which have been filmed in their entirety. Most of the material relates to the period in which Japan was his keenest interest. There are letters from Takaaki Kato, the Japanese Ambassador in England, Protopa Chauduroy - director of the translation of the Mahátharata, Joseph Chamberlain, and from the US and Turkish Embassies. Arnold’s close relations with these contacts is illustrated with the following letter from Kato:

Feb 18 [1895]

Dear Sir Edwin,

Many thanks for the note which you kindly addressed to me some days ago. I was very much pleased to learn that a high authority like Lord Roberts should speak so highly about the military and naval forces of my beloved country.
It is highly gratifying to me and to you too - I venture to say, seeing and knowing that your sympathy is so entirely Japanese - to have learned the particulars about the final and complete surrender of the Chinese at Wei-hai-wei. Although I have not yet received the official confirmation of the event from my government I have no doubt that the particulars given out by news agencies are substantially correct.
What is your opinion about the rumoured Anglo-Russian understanding in the affairs of the Far East? If you may come into possession of any news of interest in this concern I shall be obliged by your informing me of the same.
I remain
Yours very truly

T. Kato

[Letter from His Excellency Takaaki Kato, Japanese Ambassador to England, Reel 1, Folder 1]

Folder 1 1869-95
Folder 2 1896-99
Folder 3 1900-03
Folder 4 undated
Folder 5 additions
Folder 6 additions
Papers of Robert S Chilton Jr, Chief of the Consular Bureau in Washington DC, mainly for the period 1897-1901, including correspondence with American companies wanting to establish trade with China and Japan. There are also letters from Hubbard T Smith and other consuls regarding trade with East Asia. 5 folders, filmed in their entirety.

Folder 1 1808-97
Folder 2 1898

REEL 2
Papers of Robert S Chilton Jr (continued)

Folder 3 Jan-Feb 1899
Folder 4 Mar-Dec 1899
Folder 5 1900/01 and undated

The following letter from Hubbard Smith (Reel 2, Folder 3) gives a flavour of the correspondence which mixes personal news with comments on life in Japan and appeals to Chilton’s largesse:

“ Kobe, Japan, January 6th, 1899.

My dear Bob:
I hope you got the bit of “old Satsuma” I forwarded by the last pouch for Mrs Chilton and that it pleased both you and her.
We are very busy now getting our December Quarter accounts and returns for the next steamer and preparing to move into our new quarters. Possibly you may remember that, when you were here, Sharp told you that the time was near at hand when we would have to “take to the hills” on account of the small allowance made this office for rent. Well, that time has arrived and next week we have to quietly fold our Consular tent and steal away to a part of the town where rooms can be had in keeping with our official purse.
The present lease, which is held by a Mrs. Smithers (we rent by the month from her) expires on March 31, 1899, and the owners have served notice that on or after that date the rental will be at the rate of $75 per month. That overtops our limit $25 and freezes us out, not only as regards the ranch we occupy at present but off the Concession. The only other available house on the Concession is, or rather will be, the present quarters of the American Trading Company. That firm moves into new quarters, built by itself, on April 1st; the rent demanded after the firm vacates is only $300 per month. I wanted Mr Lyon to close at once but he insinuated that he was too poor to assume the extra $200 for the credit of having a decent shop on the Concession so I had to give him up as a bad job. I thought seriously of offering to make up the difference out of my own purse but as it would take my entire salary, and a bit more, I thought discretion was the better half of generosity, and flunked.
In the Mixed Settlement there stands a Mansion built by a heathen Chinese. He had brains as well as dough and he used both to good purpose in building, for the place is a dream. Mr. Wun Lung, or what ever is or was the name of the gentle celestial turned up his toes to the little daisys about a year ago and since then the palatial domicile, at one time graced by his portly self and numerous ladies of the harem, has remained unoccupied. The Mansion is only five minutes walk from our present quarters, or three minutes by rickshaw. Several persons were after the place, among them the French Consul who has asked his Government to buy it for a combined consulate and official residence. By agreeing to take it from the 15th of the present month Mr. Lyon was enable to secure the prize and after we are installed we will have the finest place in these diggins. Lyon is worried over Par. No. 66, about securing the Department’s formal sanction to a lease, but it was simply a case of taking it now and risking Departmental approval or lose the chance of securing the only available house, on or off the Concession in Kobe, and being turned out in to the streets on Mar. 31. I told him that I was sure the Department, under the circumstances would approve his action. With the exception of Mrs. Smithers, who, of course would like to have had us continue occupancy of the present quarters so she could get her little Yen 100 per month (she is a dreadful woman, Bob; Heaven save me from such a mother-in-law), all of the Americans are pleased at the change. The new location is only a square away from the Concession limits and after the new treaty goes into operation the foreign business part of town will be built right up to our doors within a year’s time.
We are all anxious to learn what will be done for this office in the way of clerk hire after the treaty becomes effective. If no increase is given us we will be badly crippled, especially if the Interpreter goes as well as the Marshal. How about that, anyway? Lyon wrote to the Department some time ago, but up to date has received no answer. Five hundred per annum is small pumpkins for a busy office like this and that statement is not a fairy story. We need $1200 per annum much more than Yokohama. We have an excellent man here, Remedios as clerk. He is quicker than chain lightning and has a number of chances to better himself since I have been here. He is holding on, hoping for an increase. In case he doesn’t get it, he will leave at short notice and tho’ the band will continue to play at the old stand its music wont be worth list’ning to. In that event please have me ordered to the Klondyke or to our Consulate General at Dahomey.
I like my post here very much. My chief may be a bit hayseedy (if only I could break him of the habit of wearing pink satin ties I would rest at night; they don’t harmonize with his hair or the furnishings of the office) but he is a good sort of Johhnie (that’s Kobe English) and means well. The office is very comfortable (it will much more so if you will PLEASE give us that extra allowance for rugs and curtains) and my home with Sharp is an opium dream. You ought to try to keep him in the Service in some capacity. He is not only a splendid official, but a MAN, and everybody here respects him if they don’t love him.
Let me have a line from you when you can spare the time. Would give something pretty to drop in on you and see how you bear marital honors.
With love to the Bureau Guards and best wishes for the happiness of yourself and Mrs Chilton.
Yours ever,
Hubsmith
Are you going to let us have that new typewriter?”

The diary of Rachael Ferver, wife of an American businessman in Japan, for 1928, recording her life in Tokyo and Yokohama as part of the foreign community. She also writes about contact with Japanese professionals and servants. One tightly bound volume, filmed in its entirety.

REEL 3
The diaries of Augustus & Jeanette Healy, tourists, for 1920-1922, describing what they did and saw in Africa, Japan, Korea, China and Hong Kong during their 2½ year honeymoon. 2 boxes containing 4 diaries and c150 photographs. Filmed in their entirety.

Box 1
Diary 1 1920
Diary 2 Nov 1920
Diary 3 Apr 1921
Diary 4 Nov 1921

Box 2
Zebra-skin photograph case containing c150 photographs

These diaries are, for the most part, very well written and provide a very detailed record of their tour, as well as providing interesting perceptions of the “other”. The following extract comes from Diary 1 (page 38 and following):

“Monday Aug 16th. We took in a baseball game between some of the Missionary residents & Waseda University. 15-2 - the residents being unmercifully beaten. Afterwards repaired to the drug store for sodas. After lunch discussion as to weather. We finally decided to climb Asome. Left at 1.0pm. A Miss Keays-Young, an English girl going with us; Ame-san, & another coolie. We climbed more or less gently, the guides with Japanese lanterns, through woods, skirting a young forest, until we reached the tea-house at a matter of 9 miles. There we rested an hour before starting the steep ascent. The hut was filled with native pilgrims & 4 English people. We acquired long staves & started up a steep hill. Looking back as we went up we beheld a visage of lakes & islands - ”

They reached the top where they could see distant views of Mt Fuji. They waited for dawn:

“The rising sun tinted the edges of the clouds with fiery outlines, until suddenly bursting with fire & golden light it appeared over the distant cloudy horizon. Cries of ‘Banzai’ burst forth from the lips of the pilgrims....”

The photograph album of Kiroku Shashin Honzonkai, containing black and white photos of emperors, government officials, ordinary citizens, monuments, street scenes, military parades, buildings and landscapes for the Meiji (1868-1912), Taisho (1912-1926) and Showa (1926-1989) periods. One volume, filmed in its entirety (filmed twice at different light settings).

REEL 4

The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton, missionary, for the period 1870-1931. Newton was a pioneer missionary of the Methodist Church South to Japan. He first went to Japan in 1888 as a faculty member of the Kwansei Gakuin Union Mission College and Seminary in Kobe, Japan. He lived in Japan until 1897, and then again between 1903-1923. During the last ten
years of his stay in Japan, Newton was President of the Mission College. His correspondence is extremely rich and includes numerous letters from Japanese Christians in both America and Japan, letters to family and friends; and letters to and from the Board of Missions and other mission leaders in America. These describe the difficulties and frustrations of his work and provide insights into the working, domestic and religious lives of people in Japan. We also include papers relating to Kwansei Gakuin Academy and Kwansei Gakuin Union Methodist College, 1908-1962, biographical sketches of missionaries in China and Japan, lectures concerning Japan, Japanese-U S relations and notebooks on Buddhism, China, Missions in Japan, and the History of Foreign Missions.

The Newton archive is extremely large, comprising 3,390 items and 132 volumes. This is contained within 16 boxes. Boxes 1-6 cover his correspondence, 1872-1931 and undated. These boxes have been covered in their entirety, with the exception of seven Japanese books which appear in Box 1. Boxes 7-16 cover lecture notes, sermons, clippings, financial papers, diaries and notebooks.We have been selective in our coverage of these as many are very difficult to read and many do not relate to Japan or Asia in general. The items that we have included from these boxes are indicated below.

Box 1

Folder 1 Correspondence, 1872-1889
Folder 2 Correspondence, 1891-1892
Folder 3 Correspondence, 1893-1896
Folder 4 Correspondence, 1897
Folder 5 Correspondence, 1899-1901
Folder 6 Correspondence, 1902-1903
(The 7 Japanese books which appear in Box 1 have not been filmed)

REEL 5
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)


Box 1
Folder 7 Correspondence, 1904
Folder 8 Correspondence, 1904


Box 2
Folder 1 Correspondence, 1905
Folder 2 Correspondence, Jan-Feb 1906
Folder 3 Correspondence, Mar-Apr 1906
Folder 4 Correspondence, May-Dec 1906
Folder 5 Correspondence, 1907
Folder 6 Correspondence, 1907

REEL 6
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)

Box 3

Folder 1 Correspondence, Jan-May 1908
Folder 2 Correspondence, Jun-Sep 1908
Folder 3 Correspondence, Oct-Dec 1908
Folder 4 Correspondence, Jan-Aug 1909
Folder 5 Correspondence, Sep-Dec 1909

REEL 7
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)


Box 3
Folder 6 Correspondence, 1910-1911
Folder 7 Correspondence, 1912


Box 4
Folder 1 Correspondence, Jan-Jun 1913
Folder 2 Correspondence, Jul-Dec 1913

REEL 8
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)


Box 4
Folder 3 Correspondence, 1914
Folder 4 Correspondence, Jan-Jun 1915
Folder 5 Correspondence, Jul-Dec 1915
Folder 6.Correspondence, 1916

The following excerpt from a letter written by Newton to “My Dear Ruth” in 1914 (Reel 8, Box 4, Folder 3):

“ Kwansei Gakuin Theological Department
Kobe, Japan April 30th 1914
My Dear Ruth

The opening of the new school year took place the 10th of this month and was the largest increase of enrolment of students that we have ever had. There being in all departments a total of over 700 students. This brings increasing responsibility to all of us. As the student body grows in numbers it becomes the more difficult to keep personal touch and thus the teachers fall unconsciously into the habit of mere professional duty in the classroom.
Our Divinity School has likewise grown apace. We have enrolled 50 students which is the largest number we have ever had.
I am sending by this mail a copy of the Procurators charges issued by the Judge against Messrs Hermann (German), Pooley - Britisher, certain naval officials of the Japanese navy and certain other persons representing the two most powerful Banking Companies in Japan, the Mitsui and Mitsubishi. This is a ——- case known as the “naval scandal” and on account of which one Japanese Cabinet has fallen.... It is extraordinary in that, a prominent German businessman, a British representative of the Reuters International Cable and News Agency, [a] naval official and two of the Greatest Banks [are] all arrested and after a long Central Preliminary Trial remanded for regular trial on charges of bribery &c before a Japanese tribunal....”

REEL 9
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)

Box 5

Folder 1 Correspondence, 1917-1920
Folder 2 Correspondence, 1921-1922
Folder 3 Correspondence, 1923
Folder 4 Correspondence, 1924

On many occasions international events impinged upon the missionary activities in Japan. The following excerpts from an open letter from Bishop K Usaki, Head of the Japanese Methodist Church, shows how the American Exclusion Bill of 1924 threatened to wreck the Christian movement in Japan:

“Tokyo, June 18, 1924

Since the development of the American-Japanese problem, I have been much troubled over the charged situation and knowing that the result will be very serious to the Church, I have been giving the matter very careful and prayerful attention, hoping for a satisfactory solution.
I am exceedingly sorry that the Exclusion Bill has become a law, having been signed by the American President on May 26th, and now the feelings of the Japanese people are greatly excited and the anti-American atmosphere is becoming thicker and thicker every day.
The Japanese nation unitedly condemn this discriminatory law as unkind and unjust, while many of the citizens of America take the same view. Without question, this racial discrimination is contrary to international ethics & does not harmonize with Christian principles....

...there is real danger that the anti-American movement will become an anti-Christian movement....”
[Reel 9, Box 5 Folder 4]

REEL 10
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)

Box 5
Folder 5 Correspondence, 1925-1926
Folder 6 Correspondence, 1927

Box 6
Folder 1 Correspondence, 1928-1929
Folder 2 Correspondence, 1930-1931
Folder 3 Correspondence, undated

REEL 11
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)

Box 6
Folder 4 Papers relating to Kwansei Gakuin Academy and Kwansei Gakuin Union Methodist College, 1908-1926

Box 6
Folder 5 Papers relating to Kwansei Gakuin Academy and Kwansei Gakuin Union Methodist College, 1929-1962

Box 6
Folder 6 Biographical sketches of missionaries in China and Japan
(the remaining folders in Box 6 - Lectures & Sermons: A-B – have not been filmed)


The Biographical Sketches include this brief appreciation of Newton by the Revd Y Yoshika, DD, Kobe, Japan:

“Dr Newton is one of the makers of Kwansei Gakuin. Appointed in charge of its Biblical Department as Dean he began his work in the fall of 1889 with six or seven picked young men of the then only three year old Southern Methodist Church in Japan at the very founding of the Institution. The work thus given him was that of a pioneer. But he laid the foundation wisely and carried [out] the work with untiring labor through difficulties unknown in the lands where Christianity is firmly planted for centuries.
....He played a very important part in securing the recognition of the Government, not only for the Biblical Department but also for the Academic Department.
... Kwansei Gakuin now occupies one of the foremost positions among the educational institutions of Japan.”

[Reel 11, Box 6, Folder 6]

REEL 12
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)
(Box 7 - Lectures & Sermons: C-E - has not been filmed)

Box 8 First group
Folder 1 Lectures concerning Japanese-US relations
Folder 2 Lectures concerning Japanese-US relations

Box 8 Second group
Folder 1 Lectures and sermons concerning missions in Japan (NB some of these are rough drafts only)
Folder 2 Lectures and sermons on the Near East and Russia (NB only the typescript lectures have been filmed from this folder)
(the remaining folders in Box 8 - Lectures & Sermons: F-L - have not been filmed)

REEL 13
The Correspondence and Papers of John Caldwell Calhoun Newton (continued)
(Box 9 - Lectures & Sermons: M-U and Clippings, 1898-1909 - has not been filmed)
(Box 10 - Clippings, 1910-1930 and undated, and printed material - has not been filmed)
(Boxes 11-16 - Printed Material, notebooks and diaries - only the volumes described below have been filmed)

Box 11
Volume 3082 Japan - Addresses, sermons and lectures

Box 13
Volume 3117 Notes for mission lectures
Volume 3127 Notes on Buddhism
Volume 3129 Notes on China

Box 14
Volume 3130 Notes on China and Problems in India
Volume 3146 Notes on the History of Foreign Missions
Volume 3152 Notes on Missions in Japan

Box 15
Volume 3159 Notes on Oriental Countries
(NB Many of these notebooks contain draft notes in pencil and purple ink which are very difficult to decipher in the original state)

The connection between Christian missions, trade and diplomacy is emphasised by the following extract from Vol 3082 (page 5):

“ It is now well understood that foreign missions have led the advance of modern Christian Civilization in the Orient; that they have opened up new Channels and markets for the world’s commerce; that they have done the greatest work in making known the many languages of the Earth - the language and literature of far away nations; have searched the systems of morals, the philosophy and the religious beliefs and customs of all peoples; and it is the work and influence of the Missionaries which have smoothed the way for international treaties, international arbitration of the present day. The Major Tribunal and Peace Conventions &c, Statesmen and diplomatists all now recognise this.”

REEL 14
Five letters of Sir Harry Parkes (1828-1885), diplomat and British Minister to Japan between 1865 and 1883. A letter of 25 May 1853, when Parkes was Acting Consul in Canton, concerns the rebellion at Nanking and the situation in Canton. His skill in averting an Anglo-French crisis in this period resulted in his being made full Consul in Amoy in 1864. In 1859, at the start of the 3rd Opium War, Parkes was drafted onto Lord Elgin’s staff. He was responsible for leasing the Kowloon peninsula as a protection for Hong Kong and he assisted Sir James Grant in the first engagement of the war - the occupation of the island of Chusan (20 Apr 1860). He was Chief Interpreter in the Peking Campaign, which resulted in his being the first person to enter Peh Tang fort (under a flag of truce) where he negotiated a surrender. However, he was captured and thrown into prison. He was released after 11 days by the Prince, just before a signed order for his execution came through from the Emperor. On 13 October 1860 he negotiated the surrender of one of the gates of Peking and entered the city with General Sir Robert Napier. A letter to William Lockhart dated 14 October 1860 discusses the British invasion of Peking and his recent imprisonment:

“...I have certainly gone through great perils & it was only yesterday that I became aware of their full extent. ...
Yesterday we marched into the gate of Peking which had been demanded as the mildest form of denoting submission on the part of the city. We should have commenced an assault at 12 o’clock had not the point been yielded. This closes hostilities we suppose. But how those murders [of his fellow prisoners, described earlier in the letter] are to be got over - & negotiations commenced with the vile authors of them - for the whole atrocity was a Govt act - I cannot just yet see. ....”

In 1862 he sailed home and was knighted for his services in China. In 1865 he visited Japan and was given an audience by the Mikado. Over the next twenty years he played a major role in the Westernisation of Japan and encouraging strong Anglo-Japanese relations. From 1871 to 1873 he resided in England, but he was far from idle and continued to promote Anglo-Japanese commercial relations. Three letters from 1872 involve the arrangement of a tour of British manufacturing cities by the Japanese Iwakura embassy. In the letter of 3 June 1872 Parkes writes to the organiser of the trip:

“... I am strongly of the opinion that the Embassy should visit our manufacturing Districts, & I intend to do all I can to persuade them to do so. ....”

In the letter of 13 August 1892 it is clear that Parkes continued to pay careful attention to the stage management of the visit:

“... They will arrive on Saturday next. Liverpool wished to pay them some attention in the first instance, but on my suggestion this has been postponed, as it will be necessary that they should come up to town at once to be received by Lord Granville.
I don’t know what their movements may be, or how long they will allow themselves to stay. I fear their long delay in America will have greatly encroached upon their time, but I trust they will be able to undertake a deliberate & intelligent visit to our manufacturing Districts. .”

His manoeuvring was ultimately successful, as is shown by his letter of 23 September 1892:

“... I am just about to start with my Japanese friends on a tour into the manufacturing Districts which will occupy us three or four weeks. ...”

There is also a Bradford banquet menu signed by Iwakura. Parkes died in Peking in 1885. All 6 items have been filmed in their entirety.


Papers of Edward James Parrish, a representative for the British-American Tobacco company in Japan between 1900-1906. This is a substantial collection comprising 195 items and 5 volumes. We have filmed his correspondence for 1901-1904 and his notebook describing Tobacco Trade with China and Japan, 1894-1900.

Letter Book 1 17 Jan - 25 Sep 1900
Letter Book 2 4 Oct 1900 - 27 Aug 1901

REEL 15
Papers of Edward James Parrish (continued)

Letter Book 3 28 Aug 1901 - 4 Aug 1902
Letter Book 4 24 Jun 1902 - 18 Oct 1904

REEL 16
Papers of Edward James Parrish (continued)

Letter Book 5 11 Aug 1902 - 16 Dec 1903
Letter Book 6 26 Sep - 2 Dec 1904

REEL 17
Papers of Edward James Parrish (continued)

Letter Book 7 17 Dec 1903 - 24 Sep 1904
Notebook on Tobacco trade with China and Japan, 1894-1900

REEL 18
Papers of James Barr Robertson, a British resident of Shanghai circa 1870. He was a member of the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce and a shareholder and board member of several companies. Letters from W U Lay written from or near Yokohama, Japan, discuss conditions in China and Japan. 15 items, filmed in their entirety.

In one of the letters from W U Lay to Robertson, Lay suggests the creation of a new newspaper with the working title of The Homeward Pacific Mail . It would be devoted to the affairs of East Asia in general, but based in Japan:

“Now that the Pacific Mail line is started, Japan can compete with Shanghai in power to transmit the latest intelligence to & fro. Yokohama is, therefore, the best point at which a paper should be printed.”
[Dated Lake Hakone, Japan, 29 Aug 1869]

Papers of Mary E (McClain) Sword, including the letters of Hattie (McClain) Gring who was a missionary in Japan during the 1880's and 1890's. Sponsored first by the German Reformed Church and later by the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Grings lived in Yokohama, Tokyo and Kyoto. The collection comprises 9 folders in 2 boxes. The material relating to Japan really commences in Box 1, Folder 4. However, we have filmed this collection in its entirety.

Box 1
Folder 1 1822-1865
Folder 2 1866-1869
Folder 3 1870-1878
Folder 4 1879-1880
Folder 5 1881-1885

REEL 19
Papers of Mary E (McClain) Sword (continued)

Box 2
Folder 1 1886-1892
Folder 2 1893-1895
Folder 3 1896-1905
Folder 4 undated

REEL 20
Papers of William E Tolbert, including letters from Elizabeth Russell, who had been a Methodist missionary in Nagasaki, Japan, to her friend, Emma Tolbert. Russell wrote about Japanese customs, missionary work in Japan, the restoration of that country, and Russian refugees in Japan. The collection is contained within 4 boxes. We have filmed Box 2 only, which includes the Russell letters (see especially Folder 3).

Box 2
Folder 1 1859-1889
Folder 2 1890-1894
Folder 3 1895-1941
Folder 4 undated

Excerpts from letters from Sir Harry Parkes concerning the Iwakura embassy.

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