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PHOTOGRAPHY AS ART AND SOCIAL HISTORY
Part 1: The Francis Bedford Topographical Photographs
Part 2: Urban Landscapes and Society: The Warwickshire Photographic Survey from
Birmingham Central Library
Chronology Developments in the History of Photography in the
Era of Francis Bedford, 1816-1916
1816
Francis Bedford born, eldest son of Francis Octavius Bedford and Sophia (née Curtis) probably at parents’ home at 8 Southampton Street, Bloomsbury, London.
Schooling: unknown.
Trained in both architecture and lithography.
1833
Francis Bedford first exhibits at Royal Academy “New Church at Turnstall”. He is now living at Salvadore House, Bishopgate, London.
1834
Francis Bedford exhibits at the Royal Academy: “Model for a Cathedral”. He moves to live at the Grove, Camberwell, London.
1839
Invention of the daguerreotype on silver-coated copper announced by Arago to Académie des Sciences, Paris; Talbot presents photogenic drawings on paper at Royal Society, London; Bayard exhibits direct paper positives.
1840
Petzval lens constructed by Voightlnder, reducing exposure time by 90%.
Francis Bedford publishes a A Chart Illustrating the Architecture of Westminster Abbey. (W W Robinson, London).
1841
Calotype negative on paper introduced by Talbot; Hunt, A popular Treatise on the Art of Photography.
1843
Series of calotype portraits begun by Hill and Adamson for painting to commemorate foundation of the Free Church of Scotland. Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy “Interior York Cathedral”. He publishes A Chart of Anglican Church Architecture (Veale, London and R Sunter, York); (H Smith, York) and now has taken up residence at 14 Ely Place, London.
1844
Talbot, The Pencil of Nature, Part 1, illustrated with original photographs.
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy “Choir of St Saviours’ Southwark.”
1845
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy: “St Augustine’s Gateway, Canterbury.”
He has now moved to 17 Wells Street, Gray’s Inn.
1846
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy: “In Westminster Abbey”. William Bedford, only son of Francis, is born.
1847
Photographic Club founded in London; negative on albumenised glass developed by Niépce de Saint-Victor.
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy;” Canterbury Cathedral.”
1848
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy: “Magdalen Tower, Oxford”.
He is now living at 18 Ampton Place, London.
1849
Francis Bedford exhibits at Royal Academy: “York Minster”.
1851
Invention of Frederick Scott Archer’s wet collodion on glass process; Le Gray invents waxed-paper negative; Société Héliographique founded in Paris; first issue of La Lumière (Paris)Great Exhibition, London, exhibits photographs; Mission Héliographique established to record France’s ancient monuments. Francis Bedford publishes Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century, at Great Exhibition, 1851, containing 158 large coloured lithographs by Francis Bedford. He moves to 326 Camden Road, London and this is to be his home and photographic headquarters for the remainder of his life.
1852
Exhibition at the Society of Arts, London of 779 photographs.
1853
Photographic Society of London founded; first issue of the Journal of the Photographic Society.
Francis Bedford exhibits photographs from lithographs of sketches by David Roberts at London Photographic Society Exhibition.
1854
Société Française de Photographie founded.
Francis Bedford takes series of photographs inside Marlborough House. He later refers to these pictures as some of the best negatives he had ever taken. He also photographs eleven treasures from the Royal Collection, on commission by Queen Victoria.
1855
Francis Bedford publishes Examples of Ornament, containing lithographs “drawn from original sources” by Francis Bedford. He also produces his Photographic Album, a study of plant, containing one albumen plant.
1856
Francis Bedford publishes The Grammar of Ornament, containing 100 plates drawn on stone. He also prepares for publication his second volume of the Photographic Album, containing his photographs of North Wales.
1857
Rejlander shows The Two Ways of Life at Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition (A composite photograph from multiple negatives) Francis Bedford elected a member of the London Photographic Society (later the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain). He is commissioned by Queen Victoria to make photographic views of Coburg - to be a gift from the Queen to Prince Albert.
1858
Francis Bedford produces The Treasury of Ornamental Art chromolithographs in the Art Treasures Exhibition, 1857, and is elected as a member of the Council of the London Photographic Society. He completes a set of 30 photographs for the Architectural Photographic Association.
Publication of The Sunbeam, including photographic work by Francis Bedford. The Photographic Art Annual also includes photographs by Francis Bedford and his photograph “Dover Castle” is reproduced by photogalvanography and issued with The British Journal of Photography, 1 December. Catherall and Pritchard issues a series of stereoscopic views by Bedford photographs until after the photographer’s death.
1859
Publication of The Sunbeam, including photographic work by Francis Bedford. The Photographic Art Annual also includes photographs by Francis Bedford and his photograph “Dover Castle” is reproduced by photogalvanography and issued with The British Journal of Photography, 1 December. Catherall and Pritchard issues a series of stereoscopic views by Bedford photographs until after the photographer’s death.
1860
Frith, Egypt, Sinai and Jerusalem.
1861
Maxwell demonstrates principles of three-colour photography. Francis Bedford is elected Vice-President of the London Photography Society. He designs a travelling carriage, functioning as transport, sleeping accommodation, and darkroom, which he used for his extensive photographic expedition throughout Wales. He experiments with electric light for printing purposes. The 1860s are Bedford’s most active decade; his photographs are published and exhibited widely; he participates in discussions at The Photographic Society and often chairs the meeting; he has abandoned lithography for photography.
1862
He receives Royal Command to accompany Prince of Wales (later King Edward V11) on his educational tour of the Middle East, February June. 172 of the tour photographs are exhibited at the German Gallery, Bond Street, London in July. Publication of the Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain, which includes photographs by Francis Bedford. He is awarded medal “for landscapes and interiors of great excellence” at the International Exhibition. He becomes a member of the Committee of the North London Photographic Association.
1863
Publication of Photographic pictures made by Mr Francis Bedford during the Tour in the East, in which ... he accompanied … the Prince of Wales. Publication of The Wye: its Ruined Castles and A History of Recent Discoveries at Cyrene both of which include photographs by Francis Bedford. He is awarded the landscape medal of the Photographic Society.
1864
First issue of Photografische Korrespondenz (Vienna); invention of Woodburytype; Swan receives patent for carbon process. Publication of The Ruined Castles of North Wales and Photopictures, both of which include photographs by Francis Bedford. His photograph “Banqueting Hall, Kenilworth,” is reproduced by the Dallas process and issued with The Photographic News, 1 January. Catherall and Pritchard issue stereoscopic series on English Scenery, namely Photographic View of North Wales, Photographic Views of Tenby and neighbourhood, Photographic Views of Exeter, Photographic Views of Warwickshire, Photographic Views of Stratford-upon-Avon and Neighbourhood.
1865
Publication of The Stones of Palestine, illustrated with photographs by Francis Bedford.
1866
Gardener’s Photographic Sketch Book (American Civil War) is published. Publication of The Holy Land, Egypt ... etc, illustrated with photographs by Francis Bedford.
1867
Watkins, Yosemite; US Geographical Survey of the 40th Parallel is published. Royal Tour photographs exhibited at Paris Universal Exhibition. Bedford is awarded the silver medal, William Bedford, his son, is now an accomplished photographer, active in societies, and shouldering responsibilities for the family photographic business.
1869
Robinson, Pictorial Effect in Photography, conceptualises art photography.
1871
Development of gelatine-silver bromide by Maddox makes dry plates possible.
1873
Platinotype process patented by Willis; Thomson, Illustrations of China and its People.
1875
Cameron Idylls of the King and other Poems, illustrated with albumen prints.
1878
Francis Bedford is re-elected Vice-President of The Photographic Society.
1879
Klix invents photogravure process.
1881
Gelatine-silver chloride paper introduced by Elder and Pizzighelli.
1884
Eastman produces flexible negative film; first issue of the British Amateur Photographer.
1885
Half-tone (cross-line) invented by F E Ives for production.
1886
Emerson and Goodall, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads, illustrated with platinum prints by Valentine of Dundee. Francis Bedford retires from the Council of The Photographic Society.
1890
Hurter and Driffield publish researches on sensitometry.
1891
Interference process of colour photography developed by Lippmann; first telephoto lenses.
1892
Linked Ring, an association of photographers to promote the media as an art form, founded in London.
1893
First issue of American Amateur Photographer; ‘The Photographic Salon’ exhibition Dudley Gallery, London.
William Bedford dies, 13 January.
1894
Francis Bedford dies, 15 May.
1897
First issue of Camera Notes, edited by Stieglitz to 1917.
1898
Stieglitz, Picturesque Bits of New York and Other Studies; Atget begins to photograph Paris and its environs.
1900
'The New School of American Photography’ exhibition, Royal Photographic Society, London (1901, in Paris).
1903
First issue of Camera Work, edited by Stieglitz to 1917.
1905
'291’ Gallery opened by Stieglitz, ‘Art in Photography’ Studio (London), important summer issue on art photography.
1906
Invention of off-set lithography.
1907
Autochrome colour process introduced by Lumière brothers.
1908
'Colour Photography’, Studio (London) illustrated with half-tones from autochromes.
1909
Coburn, London, a Symbolist view of the city.
1910
'International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography’, Albright Art Gallery, Buffalo.
1914
De Meyer, Sur le Prélude à l’Après-midi d’un Faune illustrating the Ballets Russes; Clarence White School opens in New York.
1916
'291’ exhibits photographs by Paul Strand; Twenty-five Great Houses of France (T A Cook) illustrated by
F H Evans.
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